Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data, Second Edition

Topic 16: Sampling Distributions I: Proportions

Activity 16-1: Parameters and Statistics

the proportion of men in the entire 1999 U.S. Senate: parameter, q, .91
the proportion of Democrats among the following five Senators: statistic, , .4
the mean years of service among these five senators: statistic, , 11
the standard deviation of the years of service in the 1999 U.S. Senate: parameter, s, 9.755

Activity 16-2: Colors of Reese's Pieces Candies

(a) Answers will vary from student to student.
(b) statistic,

(c) parameter, q
(d) no
(e) yes
(f) no
(g)-(h) Answers will vary from class to class
(i) observational units: Reese's Pieces candies; variable: color of candies (whether or not the candy is orange)
(j) Answers will vary from class to class.
(k) no
(l) Answers will vary from student to student (where is the distribution centered)
(m) It is probable that most students' estimates would be reasonably close to the true parameter value, while some would be way off. There is no bias in the sampling, and it is done randomly.
(n) The spread/variabilty would be larger. (almost might not look as normal)
(o) the spread/variabilty would be smaller.

Activity 16-3: Simulating Reese's Pieces

Students' answers to (b)-(p) may differ since the data is chosen randomly. These are meant to be sample answers.
(b)

values: .44088; standard deviation of

values: .09890
(e) yes
(f)

	how many of the 500 sample proportions	percentage of the 500 sample proportions
within + .10 of .45	356	71.2%
within + .20 of .45	472	94.4%
within + .30 of .45	498	99.6%

(g) 94.4%, which is the same as the percentage of the 500 sample proportions within + .20 of .45.
(h) You would have no way of knowing for sure, but you could be reasonably confident that your sample proportion was within .20 of the population proportion because there would only be a 5.6% chance of being wrong.
(i) mean of

values: .44877; standard deviation of

values: .05842
(j) The values are clustered closer to the mean.
(k) 452 candies; 90.4%
(l) There are now 96 more orange candies in this interval, which increases the percentage by 19.2 percentage points.
(m) larger sample size
(n) .24308 & .63868
(o) 100%, which is 5 percentage points greater than the prediction of 95%.
(p) in this case 100%, which is the same as the percentage of the 500 sample proportions within + .20 of .45.
(q) theoretical mean of

values: .45; theoretical standard deviation of p-hat values: .099, sinceSD(

) = sqrt(q(*(1-q)/n)
(r) theoretical mean of

values: .45; theoretical standard deviation of p-hat values: .057, since SD(

) = sqrt((q*(1-q))/n)

Activity 16-4: ESP Testing

(a) ESP test subjects
(b) Yes, mound-shaped and symmetric with a single peak.
(c) 1,141; no, it's 25%
(d) This would not be very surprising, since 2,912 (proportion = .29) test subjects got at least 30% right.
(e) This would be fairly surprising, since only 49 (proportion = .0049) test subjects got at least 45% right.
(f) Since only 2 test subjects out of 10,000 got at least 50% right, we would be fairly convinced that someone who scored a 50% would possess the ability to get more than 25% correct in the long run. This type of outcome is extremely unusual if someone really only has a 25% success rate.
(g) Since 1,821 test subjects got at least 32.5% right, we would not be quite as convinced that someone who scored a 32.5% would possess the ability to get more than 25% correct in the long run. This type of result is not the unlikely, even for someone who really guesses at 25%.